Ezinhlelweni zokudlulisa i-cryogenic, izindleko zokuqala zokuthenga ziyingxenye eyodwa kuphela ye-equation. Ekufakweni okufushane nokulula, ukufakelwa okuvamile kungaba yisisombululo esisebenzayo. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwezimboni, ikakhulukazi i-LNG, i-nitrogen ewuketshezi, i-argon, noma isevisi ye-hydrogen, ukulahlekelwa kokusebenza kanye nezidingo zokugcinwa ngokuvamile kuba okubaluleke kakhulu kunezindleko zemishini yokuqala.

Ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwasensimini esikubonile eminyakeni edlule, izinhlelo zokuvikela ugesi nge-vacuum ngokuvamile zibuyisa imali etshaliwe ephezulu kusengaphambili zingakapheli iminyaka eyi-1.5 kuya kwemibili, kuye ngezimo zokusebenza, inani lomkhiqizo, kanye nobude bepayipi.

Kungani ukusebenza okuvamile kokushisa kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi

Izinto zokuvikela ezivamile ze-cryogenic ezifana ne-polyurethane foam, ingilazi yeselula, noma i-perlite zinganikeza ukusebenza okuhle kokushisa uma kusha. Ukushisa okuvamile kuvame ukuba sebangeni eliphakathi kuka-0.015–0.030 W/m·K ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.

Inselele iwukuthi izinhlelo ze-cryogenic azivamile ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele isikhathi eside.

Ezindaweni ezinomswakama, kunzima ukugwema ukungena komswakama ngokuphelele. I-Perlite ingase ihlale isikhathi eside, futhi ukuvikela i-foam kungathinteka ukuguga, ukucindezelwa, noma umonakalo womshini ngesikhathi sokusebenza nokugcinwa. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ukusebenza kokushisa kuyawohloka kakhulu ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yesevisi.

Kuma-liquid nitrogen noma imigqa yokudlulisa i-LNG, ngisho nokwanda okuncane kokuvuza kokushisa kungandisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa komhwamuko. Emabangeni amade okudlulisa, lokhu kuthinta ngqo ukulahleka komkhiqizo kanye nokusebenza kahle kohlelo.

Ukulungisa kungenye into ngezinye izikhathi enganakwa ngesikhathi sokuthenga. Uma ukufakelwa kwe-insulation sekugcwele noma konakele, umsebenzi wokulungisa uvame ukuba nzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekufakweni kwangaphandle noma kuma-racks amapayipi ezindaweni zokusebenza.

Izinzuzo zokusebenza kokushisa kokushisa kwe-vacuum

Amapayipi afakwe ugesiisebenza ngesimiso esihlukile. Ngokususa isikhala se-annular siye ezingeni eliphezulu le-vacuum, ukuqhutshwa kwegesi kanye ne-convection kunciphisa kube amazinga aphansi kakhulu. Ukushiswa kwemisebe kuba yindlela eyinhloko yokudlulisa ukushisa esele, encishiswa ngomklamo wokufakwa kwe-insulation onezingqimba eziningi.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-vacuum ezizinzile, ukuhanjiswa kokushisa okusebenzayo ngokuvamile kungahlala kububanzi obungu-0.0005–0.002 W/m·K, kuye ngokucushwa kwesistimu kanye nokushisa okusebenzayo.

Empeleni, lokhu kuncipha kokuvuza kokushisa kungaba nomthelela olinganisekayo ekulahlekelweni kokubilisa. Isibonelo, kwesinye isicelo segesi yezimboni esihilela ukudluliselwa kwe-argon ewuketshezi, ukubilisa kwancishiswa kakhulu ngemva kokufaka esikhundleni samapayipi avamile okushisa ngohlelo oluvikelayo lwe-vacuum. Ukonga okuqondile ngokwemvelo kuncike esilinganisweni sokugeleza, umjikelezo womsebenzi, izimo zezulu, kanye nebanga lokudlulisa.

Ukuzinza kwe-vacuum yesikhathi eside kubalulekile

Iphuzu elilodwa elibalulekile elivame ukunganakwa ukuthi ikhwalithi ye-vacuum ngokwayo kumele ihlale izinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinhlelo ze-vacuum ezimile zingase zibhekane nokwehla kokusebenza kancane kancane ngenxa yokukhishwa kwegesi, ukungena kwesivalo, noma amazinga amancane okuvuza aqongelelwe eminyakeni eminingi yokusebenza. Umphumela uvame ukuba kancane, kodwa ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo kwesikhathi eside kuba yinto efanele.

Ukuze sibhekane nalokhu, uhlelo lwethu lungahlonyiswa nge-Uhlelo Lwephampu Yokupompa I-Dynamic, esusa amagesi angavundi njalo esikhaleni se-annular futhi isize ekugcineni ukusebenza kwe-vacuum ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Le ndlela iwusizo kakhulu kwingqalasizinda enkulu ye-LNG, izikhungo ze-semiconductor, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinemijikelezo yokusebenza eqhubekayo lapho ukuzinza kokushisa kwesikhathi eside kubalulekile khona.

Kwesinye isikhungo se-semiconductor e-Asia, izinga le-vacuum lahlala lingaphansi kuka-5×10⁻⁵ mbar ngemva kweminyaka eminingana yokusebenza ngokulungiswa kwe-vacuum njalo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zesevisi ezifanayo, ezinye izinhlelo ze-vacuum ezivamile zingadinga ukususwa kabusha efektri.

Izingxenye ezingale kwepayipi uqobo

Ukusebenza kohlelo lokudlulisa i-cryogenic akunqunywa kuphela yisigaba sepayipi eliqondile.

Ama-valve, ukuxhumana okuguquguqukayo, abahlukanisi besigaba, nezinye izingxenye nazo zingaba imithombo ebalulekile yokungena kokushisa uma zingafakwanga kahle.

Isibonelo, iziqu ze-valve ezivamile ze-cryogenic zingakha amabhuloho okushisa asendaweni.Ivalvu enejakethi ye-vacuumImiklamo isiza ukunciphisa lo mphumela kakhulu futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokushisa kwesistimu.

Abahlukanisi besigabazibalulekile futhi ekusetshenzisweni lapho ukwakheka komhwamuko kuthinta khona ukuzinza kwemishini engezansi. Ezinhlelweni ze-hydrogen kanye ne-LNG, ukugcina ukulethwa koketshezi okuzinzile kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuguquguquka kokusebenza futhi kwandise izikhawu zokugcinwa kwezingxenye ezibucayi.

Ezinhlelweni zegesi zezimboni ezisatshalaliswa, amapayipi okushisa aguquguqukayo ahlanganiswe namapayipi amancaneamathangi okugcina izinto ezifakwe uthulikungenza kube lula ukufakwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zamapayipi eziqinile ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke khona imikhawulo yesikhala noma ukunyakaza kwemishini.

Isibonelo esivela ekufakweni kwe-LNG emanzi

Iphrojekthi eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia yayihilela amapayipi okudlulisa i-LNG afakwe eduze kwezindawo zokulayisha amaloli endaweni enomswakama ophezulu ogwini. Uhlelo lokuqala lwalusebenzisa amapayipi afakwe i-foam.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuchayeka komswakama okuphindaphindiwe kwabangela ukonakala kokushisa kanye nomsebenzi wokulungisa ophindaphindayo. Ngokusho komqhubi, ukushintshwa kokushisa kanye nomsebenzi ohambisana nakho kwakumele izindleko ezinkulu eziphindaphindayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitshalo.

Uhlelo kamuva lwathuthukiswa lwaba amapayipi afakwe i-vacuum insulation kanye nama-hose ahlanganisiwe afakwe i-vacuum insulation axhunywe ohlelweni lokulungisa i-vacuum oluphakathi.

Ngemva kokuthuthukiswa, izidingo zokugcinwa kokushisa eziphathelene nokushisa zancishiswa kakhulu, futhi ukuqhubeka kokusebenza kwathuthuka. Nakuba uhlelo lokushisa olusebenzisa i-vacuum vulnerable lwaludinga ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okuphezulu, umqhubi walinganisela ukuthi izindleko zokusebenza nokulungisa zesikhathi eside zaziphansi kakhulu esikhathini senkonzo esibekiwe.

Ukuhlola izindleko eziphelele esikhundleni sentengo yokuthenga yodwa

Kumaqembu okuthenga, ukuhlola kuphela izindleko zemishini zosuku lokuqala kunganikeza isithombe esingaphelele sezomnotho wohlelo lonke.

Ezinhlelweni eziningi eziqhubekayo zokusebenzisa i-cryogenic, ukuvuza kokushisa okwandayo eminyakeni yokusebenza kunomthelela oqondile wamandla kanye nezindleko zomkhiqizo. Umehluko ubonakala kakhulu njengoba ibanga lokudlulisa kanye namahora okusebenza ekhuphuka.

Izinhlelo zethu zakhiwe ngokuhambisana nezimfuneko ze-ASME B31.3 kanye ne-EN 13458.Ipayipi elivalekile elinomshini wokuhlanzaIzingxenye zitholakala ngezilungiselelo zensimbi engagqwali engu-304 kanye ne-316L, kanye nesinxephezelo sokunwetshwa esenzelwe ukujikeleza okuphindaphindiwe kokushisa.Ipayipi eliguquguqukayoIzinhlangano zingalungiselelwa futhi izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza ngomfutho ophezulu kuye ngezidingo zephrojekthi.

Ukusebenza kwangempela kanye nembuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali kuzohluka kusuka kuphrojekthi kuya kuphrojekthi, yingakho ukuhlaziywa kokushisa kufanele kusekelwe ezimweni zokusebenza zangempela kunokuba kube yizicabango ezilula.

Uma ukuvikela okuvamile kungase kusafaneleka

Ukuvikela okuvamile kuseyindlela efanelekile ezimweni ezithile.

Uma kuqhutshwa amapayipi amafushane kakhulu, ukufakwa kwesikhashana, noma ukusebenza ngezikhathi ezithile okusetshenziswa kancane ngonyaka, izindleko ezengeziwe zokuvikela i-vacuum zingase zingabi yinto efanelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Kodwa-ke, ngengqalasizinda ehlala njalo enesevisi eqhubekayo noma esebenza kakhulu ye-cryogenic, izinhlelo zokuvikela uthuli zivame ukuba nenzuzo enkulu uma zihlolwa phakathi nomjikelezo wokuphila ogcwele wokusebenza.